Method and limitations
Based on published Sustainable Web Design Model v4 coefficients, consulted on 23 October 2026. Transferred bytes are an allocation proxy, not a direct energy measurement.
Per decimal GB: data centre operation 0.055, networks 0.059 and devices 0.080 kWh; allocated manufacturing 0.012 + 0.013 + 0.081 kWh equivalents. Default operation and manufacturing intensity is 494 g CO₂e/kWh. Operation intensity is editable; manufacturing remains at 494.
g CO₂e = GB × (0.194 × intensity + 0.106 × 494) GB = bytes / 1 000 000 000
No assumed first-visit or average cache ratio: calculation uses entered or observed bytes. Green hosting and carbon neutrality are not assumed.
No emissions savings are claimed. Manufacturing is a statistical allocation. Local PDF processing, usage duration, transfer storage and overall hosting activity are not measured here. Do not treat local file size as network traffic.
The browser does not measure electricity consumption. Cached resources, undisclosed requests and some workers may be missing. Values cover only this page since it opened, not the whole site.